Kankakee River

history

The Kankakee River is a tributary of the Illinois River, approximately 90 mi (144 km) long, in northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois in the United States. At one time the river drained one of the largest wetlands in North America and furnished a significant portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. Significantly altered from its original channel, it flows through a primarily rural farming region of reclaimed cropland south of Lake Michigan.

Description

The Kankakee rises in northwestern Indiana, approximately 5 mi (8 km) southwest of South Bend. It flows in a straight channelized course generally southwestward through rural northwestern Indiana, collecting the Yellow River from the south in Starke County and passing the communities of South Center and English Lake. It forms the border between LaPorte, Porter, and Lake counties on the north and Starke, Jasper, and Newton counties on the south. The river curves westward as it enters Kankakee County in northeastern Illinois. Approximately 3 mi (5 km) southeast of the city of Kankakee it receives the Iroquois River from the south and turns sharply to the northwest for its lower 35 mi (56 km). It joins the Des Plaines River from the south to form the Illinois, approximately 50 mi (80 km) southwest of Chicago.

The Kankakee River Basin drains . (square miles) in northwest Indiana, . in northeast Illinois,and about . in southwest Lower Michigan (figure 1). The Kankakee River heads near South Bend, then flows westward into Illinois, where it joins with the Des Plaines River to form the Illinois River. The area of Lake County which originally drained to Lake Michigan but now drains by means of artificial diversion to the Illinois River is not considered to be part of the Kankakee River Basin study region. Although the Kankakee River basin includes portions of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan, the discussion below will focus on the Indiana portion of the basin.Water Resource Availability in the Kankakee Riverr Basin, Indiana - Executive Summary; Indiana Department of Natural Resoruces, Division of Water, 1990

Kankakee Outwash and Lacustrine Plain

A large sandy and poorly drained plain, the Kankakee Outwash and Lacustrine Plain, comprises approximately the southern quarter of both Lake and Porter Counties and is the most recent of the three land scape regions to face the pressures of impending urbanization. Large portions of the area were once marshland associated with the meandering Kankakee River, which, for 8 or 9 months of the year, was flanked on both sides by wetlands. The marsh area was 3 or wide and contained water 1 to deep (Meyer, 1935). The low marshland was broken by infrequent islands of sand blown into dunes. The sand islands were the sites of Indian encampments and later of pioneer homes. The Kankakee marsh was an effective barrier to early southerly exploration of both counties, but the area has been progressively drained by ditches constructed during the past 60 years.Environmental Geology of Lake and Porter Counties, Indiana An Aid to Planning; By EDWIN J. HARTKE, JOHN R. HILL, and MARK RESHKIN; ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY 8 DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SPECIAL REPORT 11, pg 3

Landscape

The Kankakee River Basin is a product of the Wisconsinan glacial period. It is a remant of the glacial lakes that comprised the Lake Michigan lobe of the ice sheet. Landscape elements include 1) the nearly level plains of a ground moraine, 2) eolian (wind driven deposits) plains, 3) outwash deposits, 4) the central river basin and 5) end moraines forming the north, middle and southern borders. Local relief varies from along the Iroquois Moraine up to on the Valparaiso Moraine. Deposits range from 50 to in the lower basin (western). The deepest deposits of 100 to are in the upper basin (eastern). Along the Valparaiso Moraine, deposits can reach thick.Water Resource Availability in the Kankakee Basin, Indiana – Executive Summary; Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, 1990

Outwash deposits occur primarily along the northern border of the basin. The southern half of the Kankakee Basin, south of the main river channel is characterized by the fine grained sediments that are wind driven, forming a series of broad eolian sand dunes and ridges. These are of moderate height. Lacustrine silts and clays are mixed with the various water bourne and winde driven deposits throughout the basin. Water Resource Availability in the Kankakee Basin, Indiana – Executive Summary; Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, 1990

Bedrock

The bedrock underlying the Kankakee Basin is primarily of Silurian age. There are also strata from the Devonian, and Mississippian periods. The Silurian rocks are primarily dolomite and limestone. Hartke, E.J., Hill, J.R., and Reshkin, Mark, 1975, Environmental geology of Lake and Porter Counties, Indiana—an aid to planning: Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Special Report 11, Environmental Study 8, 57 p., p. 4 A major sub-terrainian feature is the Kankakee Arch. It is an extension of the Cincinnati Arch. North of the arch the strata dip towards Lake Michigan. To the south, the strata dips southwest toward the Illinois River Basin. Within the Kankakee Basin, (Lake, Jasper, and Pulaski Counties) the rock strata are nearly flat, being at the top of the arch. Fenelon, Jospeh M.; Kankakee River Basin, Hydrogeologic Atlas of Aquifers in Indiana; pg 37

Current Conditions

The »Advanced Hydrological Prediction Service contains current data for river depths.

Contrary to what may be shown in online mapping sites or GPS software, the bridge over the Kankakee River on State Line Road near the public ramp at the Indiana/Illinois state line is closed and partially dismantled. Some fishing maps and websites about the river may include road directions to the public ramp at the state line, with outdated information. The public ramp is located on the north side of the river, and with the bridge out, it is not accessible from the south side, from Illinois Rt. 114 / Indiana Rt. 10.

As of September 7, 2008 the old iron bridge at the IL/IN state line had been removed from its concrete supports and was set on the ground, only clearing the water by approximately , making it possible to pass beneath only in small boats, canoes, etc.

For more information about this bridge, see »State Line Bridge Debate

History

Up through the early 19th century, the river furnished an important water transportation route through the Illinois Country for both Native Americans and early European settlers, notably French fur trappers. The headwaters of the river near present-day South Bend allowed a portage to the St. Joseph River, which drains into Lake Michigan, as well as furnishing a subsequent portage to the Lake Erie watershed. The Kankakee thus was part of an inland canoe route connecting the Great Lakes to Illinois River and subsequently to the Mississippi River.

, on the north bank, looking southwest.]]Until the end of the 19th century, the river was nearly 240 mi (384 km) long, flowing in highly meandering course through a vast complex of wetlands surrounding the river that were known as the "Great Kankakee Swamp." Encompassing 5,300 sq mi (14,000 km²), they were one of the largest marsh wetlands in the United States. Beginning in the mid-19th Century much of the basin of wetlands was drained to create cultivated cropland. Two large ditches were constructed in 1858 as part of the Swamp Act of 1852, the first attempt to drain the swamp. A lobby grew among the large landholders in Lake County who advocated the complete drainage of the swamp, but due to the American Civil War and the subsequent economic downturn, little action occurred until the 1880s. In 1884 meetings where held by land owners in South Bend to discuss the drainage of the swamp. Two of the largest landholders agreed to built a network of drainage ditches in their lands to begin draining the eastern edge of the swamp. State funding was granted to the project during the term of Governor of Indiana Claude Matthews and the project was expanded to include the entire swamp. At the time it was heralded as a great advance for the state which was also in the process of draining the Great Black Swamp. By 1910, most of the marshlands were drained and work on rerouting the Kanakee River began. In 1917, the river was dredged to make it significantly deeper and by 1922 the process was mostly completed and the river was several miles shorter than its original course.

The upper river was also highly channelized with levees to allow easier transport of cut timber from the wetlands to saw mills downstream in Illinois. The channelization aided in the desiccation of the surrounding wetlands and reduced the river to less than half of its original length. Of the original swamp, only 30,000 acres (120 km²) remain, comprising approximately one percent of the original area. The channelization of the river has rendered it especially prone to flooding. Starting in the 1980s, federal and state efforts have attempted to restore part of the original floodplain of the river through strategic widening of the levees.

The river remains a popular destination for recreational canoeing and fishing for warm-water species. Kankakee River State Park is located along the river northwest of Kankakee, Illinois. The Kankakee Fish and Wildlife Area is located in Indiana.

Route

St. Joseph County (South Bend)
The headwaters of the Kankakee River is southwest of downtown South Bend, Indiana. The outflow of the New Energy Corp. Ethenol Plant forms a cooling pond. The cooling pond flows into a ditch. This ditch is the start of the Kankakee River. The old Indian portage stretched from this area towards the northest to what is today Highland and Riverview Cemetaries along what was once the banks of the St. Joseph River, but now is the bank of Pinhook Park Lagoon. The St. Joseph River drains into Lake Michigan. The famous Council Oak Tree stood along this portage about 300 yards from the St. Joseph River. The portage was about 2 miles as the crow flies. The area of the headwaters today is within the city limits of South Bend. Farms fields cover what was once a marshland.

The river has been 'ditched' and is called Dixon West Place Ditch. Below Crumstown, Geyer Ditch joins it from the north, flowing out of southern Michigan, Berrien County.Indiana Atlas & Gazetteer; DeLorme, Yarmouth, ME, 1998

LaPorte County and Starke County
The Kankakee River passes through the southeast corner of Starke County. Here, it takes on a more natural appearance with wetlands spreading out along both sides of the river. The river channels forms the northern border of Starke County with LaPorte County to the north. These are some of the more extensive wetlands along the upper river. the Kankakee River Fish and Wildlife Area is a state managed wildlife area. It is heavily managed to contol water levels throughout the year. Here, the Yellow River (the second largest branch of the Kankakee) joins the main river.pg 20

Porter County
The Kankakee River forms the southern boundary of Porter County. The area is farm land and wetland forest. Through this area, the Kankakee is also called the Marble Power Ditch. This is the heart of the Grand Kankakee Marsh which was drained in the early 20th Century.

The earliest recorded crossing of the Kankakee was at Baum's Bridge; South Baum's Bridge Road (Porter County)to CR 400 W (Jasper County. The other historic crossing between Porter County and Jasper County is Dunn's Bridge, further east; CR 500 E (Porter County) to CR 400 E (Jasper County

File:Dunns Bridge.jpg| File:Kankakee River SR49 Winter.jpg|

Jasper County Jasper County is south of the Kankakee River and dotted with sand hills and wetlands. Much of the area has been drained to create farmland, but numerous conservation areas have been established along the rivers borders, such as the Aukiki Wetland Conservation Area and the surrounding NIPSCO Savanna.

Lake and Newton Counties
The Kankakee River forms the border between Lake County to the north and Newton County on the south. Along this section of the river, the channel has been straightened, passing between Shelby on the north and Thayer on the south. The LaSalle Fish and Wildlife Area dominates both sides of the river as it makes it exit from Indiana and enters Illinois.
Kankakee County
Entering Illinois, the river returns to its natural channel widing its way to Momence, Illinois. This is the last section of the Grand Kankakee Marsh that has never been ditched. It is a Momence that the river crosses a limestone shelf, referred to as the Momence Dam. Although it is not a real dam, its resistance to erosion created a blockage in the flow of the Kankakee River, backing up water, thus creating the Grand Marsh that once covered . Its removal is part of the story of draining the marsh.

Beyond Momence, the river takes on a more traditional image flowing across the rolling hills of Kankakee county.

File:Kankakee River Momence.JPG| File:Kankakee_River_SP_(old_Bridge_Piers).JPG| }} }}

Will County Entering Will County, Illinois for only a short distance before joining the Des Plaines River. Here in the Des Plaines Fish and Wildlife Area the river enters the Illinois River for the journey to the Mississippi River.

Political Entities

Indiana

 Because of the rivers wide valley and historic great marsh, there are few towns on the river through the entire length of Indiana. Most towns are located either north or south, on high ground, just outside of the marshes. Today, the marshes have been drained and it is not apparent why the towns are so far from the river.

Illinois

Parks and Preserves

Indiana

 Kankakee River (main stem)
  • Rum Village Woods, South Bend, St. Joseph County (bird watching and small mammals)
  • Potato Creek State Park, North Liberty, St. Joseph County
  • Fish Lake Wildlife Conservation Area, Fish Lake, LaPorte County
  • Kingsbury Fish and Wildlife Area, Kingbury, LaPorte County
  • Kankakee Fish and Wildlife Area, English Lake, Starke County
  • Kootnz Lake Nature Preserve, Kootz Lake, Starke County (black oak savanna & lowland marsh)
  • Jasper-Pulaski Fish and Wildlife Area, Radioville, Pulaski County
  • Stoutsburg Savanna Nature Preserve, Wheatfield, Jasper County (rolling sand ridges)
  • LaSalle Fish and Wildlife Area
  • Conrad Savanna Nature Preserve, Conrad, Newton County (black and white oak savanna)
  • Willow Slough Fish and Wildlife Area, Morocco, Newton County

Yellow River Branch

  • Menomines Wildlife Conservation Area, Plymouth, Marshall County

Iroquois River Branch

  • Newton County Fair Grounds, Kentland, Newton County

Illinois

See also

References

External links

home | This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. See full license termsIt uses material from the Wikipedia article "Kankakee_River ". | compliance | March 18th 2010