February 29
historyFebruary 29 in the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used today, is a date that occurs only once every four years, in years evenly divisible by 4, such as 1976, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012 or 2016 (with the exception of century years not divisible by 400, such as 1900). These are called leap years. February 29 is the 60th day of the Gregorian calendar in such a year, with 306 days remaining until the end of that year. It is also known as Leap Day.
Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days, a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours. Every four years, as an extra 24 hours have accumulated, one extra day is added to keep the count coordinated with the sun's apparent position.
It is however slightly inaccurate to calculate an additional 6 hours each year as the time actually taken for the earth to complete a revolution around the sun is in fact 365 days, 5 hours and 49 minutes. To compensate for the 11-minute difference, a century year that ends in two zeros is not a leap year unless it is also evenly divisible by 400. This means that 1600 and 2000 were leap years, as will be 2400 and 2800, but 1800 and 1900 were not, and neither will 2100 and 2200 be. To correct the remaining error (which amounts to one day every 3236 years) it has been proposed that years evenly divisible by 4,000 should not be leap years; but this rule has not been officially adopted.
The Gregorian calendar repeats itself every 400 years, which is exactly 20871 weeks including 97 leap days. Over this period February 29 falls 13 times on a Sunday, Tuesday or Thursday; 14 times on a Friday or Saturday; and 15 times on a Monday or Wednesday.
The concepts of the leap year and leap day are distinct from the leap second, which results from changes in the Earth's rotational speed.
The leap day was introduced as part of the Julian reform. The day following the Terminalia (February 23) was doubled, forming the so-called "bis sextum"—literally 'double sixth', since as dates were described in the Roman calendar February 23 was 'the sixth day before the Kalends of March'. The first day of the bis sextum (February 24) came to be regarded as the intercalated or "bissextile" day. February 29 came to be regarded as the leap day when the Roman system of numbering days was replaced by sequential numbering in the late Middle Ages.
An English law of 1256 decreed that in leap years, the leap day and the day before are to be reckoned as one day for the purpose of calculating when a full year has passed. Thus, in England and Wales a person born on February 29 legally reaches the age of 18 or 21 on February 28 of the relevant year. In the European Union, February 29 officially became the leap day only in 2000.
In cases of New Zealand citizens, the NZ Parliament has decreed that for a birthday that falls on February the 29, and is not a leap year, the legal birth date date shall be the preceding day, the 28th. This is affirmed in s. 2(2) of the Land Transport Act 1999»http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/1999/0100/latest/DLM280567.html?search=qs_all%40act%40bill%40regulation_leap+year_resel&p=1&sr=1, and is affirmed by the Sale of Liqour Act 1989»http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1989/0063/latest/DLM165116.html?search=ts_act_Liquor+Act_resel&p=1&sr=1 in s. 1(2)(c).
In France, there is a humorous periodical called La Bougie du Sapeur (The Sapper's Candle) published every February 29 since 1980. The name is a reference to the sapper Camembert.
- 1504 – Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Native Americans to provide him with supplies.
- 1704 – Queen Anne's War: French forces and Native Americans stage a raid on Deerfield, Massachusetts, killing 100 men, women, and children.
- 1712 – February 29 is followed by February 30 in Sweden, in a move to abolish the Swedish calendar for a return to the Old style.
- 1720 – Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden abdicates in favour of her husband, who becomes King Frederick I.
- 1864 – American Civil War: Kilpatrick-Dahlgren Raid fails – plans to free 15,000 Union soldiers being held near Richmond, Virginia are thwarted.
- 1892 – St. Petersburg, Florida is incorporated.
- 1916 – Child labor: In South Carolina, the minimum working age for factory, mill, and mine workers is raised from twelve to fourteen years old.
- 1932 – TIME magazine features eccentric American politician William "Alfalfa" Murray on its cover after Murray stated his intention to run for President of the United States.
- 1936 – Baby Snooks, played by Fanny Brice, debuts on the radio program The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air.
- 1940 – For her role as Mammy in Gone with the Wind, Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African American to win an Academy Award.
- 1940 – Finland initiates Winter War peace negotiations
- 1940 – In a ceremony held in Berkeley, California, because of the war, physicist Ernest Lawrence receives the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics from Sweden's Consul General in San Francisco.
- 1944 – World War II: The Admiralty Islands are invaded in Operation Brewer led by American General Douglas MacArthur.
- 1952 – The island of Heligoland is restored to German authority.
- 1956 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower announces to the nation that he is running for a second term.
- 1960 – An earthquake in Morocco kills over 3,000 people and nearly destroys Agadir in the southern part of the country.
- 1960 – Family Circus makes its debut.
- 1964 – In Sydney, Australian swimmer Dawn Fraser sets a new world record in the 100-meter freestyle swimming competition (58.9 seconds).
- 1972 – Vietnam War: Vietnamization – South Korea withdraws 11,000 of its 48,000 troops from Vietnam.
- 1972 – Hank Aaron becomes the first player in the history of Major League Baseball to sign a $200,000 contract.
- 1980 – Gordie Howe of the then Hartford Whalers makes NHL history as he scores his 800th goal.
- 1984 – Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau announces he will retire as soon as the Liberals can elect another leader.
- 1988 – South African archbishop Desmond Tutu is arrested along with 100 clergymen during a five-day anti-apartheid demonstration in Cape Town
- 1988 – Svend Robinson becomes the first member of the Canadian House of Commons to come out as gay.
- 1996 – Faucett Flight 251 crashes in the Andes, killing 123 people.
- 2004 – Jean-Bertrand Aristide resigns as President of Haiti following popular rebel uprising.
Births
A person who was born on February 29 may be called a "leapling" or a "leap year baby." In non-leap years they typically celebrate their birthday on either February 28 or March 1.
For legal purposes, their legal birthdays depend on how different laws count time intervals. In England and Wales the legal birthday of a leapling is February 28 in common years (see Leap Years, above). In Taiwan the legal birthday of a leapling is also February 28 in common years. In both cases, a person born on February 29, 1992 would legally reach 18 years old on February 28, 2010.
:"If a period fixed by weeks, months, and years does not commence from the beginning of a week, month, or year, it ends with the ending of the day which proceeds the day of the last week, month, or year which corresponds to that on which it began to commence. But if there is no corresponding day in the last month, the period ends with the ending of the last day of the last month.Article 121 of the of the Republic of China in effect in Taiwan."
There are many instances in children's literature where a person's claim to be only a quarter of their actual age turns out to be based on counting their leap-year birthdays. A similar device is used in the plot of Gilbert and Sullivan's 1879 comic opera The Pirates of Penzance: As a child, Frederic was apprenticed to a band of pirates until the age of 21. Now, having passed his 21st year, he leaves the pirate band and falls in love. However, it turns out that the pirate indenture says that his apprenticeship does not end until his 21st birthday, and since he was born on February 29, that day will not arrive until he is in his eighties. As such, he must leave his fiancée and return to the pirates.
The only notable person known to have both been born and died on February 29 was Sir James Wilson (1812-1880), Premier of Tasmania.
Other, notable persons born on February 29:
- 1468 – Pope Paul III (d. 1549)
- 1692 – John Byrom, English poet (d. 1763)
- 1724 – Eva Marie Veigel, ballet dancer and wife of actor David Garrick (d. 1822)
- 1736 – Ann Lee, American founder of Shakers (d. 1784)
- 1792 – Gioachino Rossini, Italian composer (d. 1868)
- 1812 – Sir James Wilson, Premier of Tasmania (d. 1880)
- 1840 – John Philip Holland, Irish inventor (d. 1914)
- 1852 – Frank Gavan Duffy, Australian judge (d. 1936)
- 1860 – Herman Hollerith, American statistician (d. 1929)
- 1896 – Morarji Desai, Prime Minister of India (d. 1995)
- 1896 – William A. Wellman, American film director (d. 1975)
- 1904 – Jimmy Dorsey, American bandleader (d. 1957)
- 1904 – Pepper Martin, baseball player (d. 1965)
- 1904 – Rukmini Devi Arundale, Indian dancer and founder of Kalakshetra (d. 1986)
- 1908 – Balthus, French-Polish painter (d. 2001)
- 1908 – Dee Brown, American writer (d. 2002)
- 1908 – Alf Gover, English cricketer (d. 2001)
- 1916 – Dinah Shore, American singer and actress (d. 1994)
- 1920 – Arthur Franz, American actor (d. 2006)
- 1920 – James Mitchell, American actor (d. 2010)
- 1920 – Michèle Morgan, French actress
- 1920 – Howard Nemerov, American poet (d. 1991)
- 1920 – Ivan Petrov, Russian operatic bass (d. 2003)
- 1924 – Al Rosen, American baseball player
- 1924 – David Beattie, New Zealand Governor-General (d. 2001)
- 1924 – Carlos Humberto Romero, President of El Salvador
- 1928 – Joss Ackland, English actor
- 1928 – Vance Haynes, American archaeologist
- 1928 – Terry Lewis, Australian police commissioner
- 1928 – Tempest Storm, American burlesque performer
- 1932 – Jaguar, Brazilian cartoonist
- 1932 – Gene Golub, American mathematician (d. 2007)
- 1932 – Masten Gregory, American F1 Driver (d. 1985)
- 1932 – Reri Grist, African-American coloratura soprano
- 1936 – Jack Lousma, American astronaut
- 1936 – Henri Richard, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1936 – Alex Rocco, American actor
- 1940 – Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople
- 1940 – William H. Turner, Jr. American horse trainer
- 1944 – Phyllis Frelich, American actress
- 1944 – Dennis Farina, American actor
- 1944 – Paolo Eleuteri Serpieri, Italian illustrator
- 1944 – Ene Ergma, Estonian politician
- 1948 – Jirō Akagawa, Japanese novelist
- 1948 – Ken Foree, American actor
- 1952 – Sharon Dahlonega Raiford Bush, American television personality
- 1952 – Tim Powers, American writer
- 1952 – Raisa Smetanina, Russian cross-country skier
- 1952 – Bart Stupak, American congressman
- 1956 – Jonathan Coleman, Anglo-Australian entertainer
- 1956 – Bob Speller, Canadian politician
- 1956 – Aileen Wuornos, American serial killer (d. 2002)
- 1956 – J. Randy Taraborrelli, American celebrity journalist
- 1956 – Jerry Fry, American baseball player
- 1960 – Khaled, Algerian raï musician
- 1960 – Richard Ramirez, American serial killer
- 1960 – Tony Robbins, American motivational speaker
- 1964 – Lyndon Byers, Canadian hockey player and Boston radio personality
- 1964 – Mervyn Warren, American film & TV composer and musician
- 1968 – Suanne Braun, South African actress
- 1968 – Chucky Brown, American basketball player
- 1968 – Pete Fenson, American curler
- 1968 – Naoko Iijima, Japanese actress
- 1968 – Gonzalo Lira, Chilean-American novelist
- 1968 – Bryce Paup, American football player
- 1968 – Wendi Peters, British actress
- 1968 – Eugene Volokh, American law professor
- 1968 – Frank Woodley, Australian comedian
- 1972 – Antonio Sabàto, Jr., Italian-born actor
- 1972 – Dave Williams, American singer (Drowning Pool) (d. 2002)
- 1972 – Saul Williams, American rapper, poet, and actor
- 1972 – Pedro Zamora, Cuban-born American Real World housemate and AIDS activist (d. 1994)
- 1972 – Iván García, Cuban athlete
- 1976 – Ja Rule, American rapper and actor
- 1976 – Terrence Long, American baseball player
- 1980 – Simon Gagné, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1980 – Taylor Twellman, American soccer player
- 1980 – Clinton Toopi, New Zealand rugby league footballer
- 1980 – Chris Conley, American musician
- 1980 – Ruben Plaza, Spanish cyclist
- 1980 – Michail Mouroutsos, Greek Olympic taekwondo gold medalist
- 1984 – Cam Ward, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1984 – Darren Ambrose, English footballer
- 1984 – Adam Sinclair, Indian field hockey player
- 1984 – Cullen Jones, American swimmer
- 1988 – Scott Golbourne, English footballer
- 1988 – Benedikt Höwedes, German footballer
- 1528 – Patrick Hamilton, Scottish religious reformer (martyred) (b. 1504)
- 1592 – Alessandro Striggio, Italian composer (b. 1540)
- 1604 – John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1530)
- 1740 – Pietro Ottoboni, Italian cardinal (b. 1667)
- 1744 – John Theophilus Desaguliers, French philosopher (b. 1683)
- 1820 – Johann Joachim Eschenburg, German literary critic (b. 1743)
- 1868 – Ludwig I of Bavaria (b. 1786)
- 1880 – Sir James Wilson, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1812, also on 29 February)
- 1908 – Pat Garrett, U.S. gunslinger
- 1908 – John Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow, first Governor-General of Australia (as Lord Hopetoun)
- 1928 – Ina Coolbrith, first poet laureate of California (b. 1841)
- 1940 – Edward Frederic Benson, English writer (b. 1867)
- 1944 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, President of Finland (b. 1861)
- 1956 – Elpidio Quirino, President of the Philippines (b. 1890)
- 1964 – Frank Albertson, American actor (b. 1909)
- 1968 – Tore Ørjasæter, Norwegian poet (b. 1886)
- 1980 – Gil Elvgren, American artist (b. 1914)
- 1992 – Ruth Pitter, English poet (b. 1897)
- 1992 – Earl Scheib, American car repainter (b. 1908)
- 1996 – Shams Pahlavi, Persian princess (b. 1917)
- 2000 – Dennis Danell, American guitarist (Social Distortion) (b. 1961)
- 2004 – Jerome Lawrence, American playwright (b. 1915)
- 2008 – Janet Kagan, American author (b. 1946)
- Christian Feast Day
- Oswald of Worcester (in leap year only)
- February 29 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Day 4 of Ayyám-i-Há (Intercalary Days) (in leap years only) – days in the Bahá'í calendar devoted to service and gift giving. (Bahá'í Faith)