1971

history

1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year that started on a Friday (link will display full calendar) in the Gregorian calendar.

: Aswan Dam opens in Egypt]]

Events of 1971

January

  • January 2
    • Ibrox disaster: A stairway crush at the Rangers vs. Celtic football match in Glasgow, Scotland kills 66.
    • A ban on radio and television cigarette advertisements goes into effect in the United States.
, "Cigarette Maker Phillip Morris Agrees to Remove Advertising , Signs from Sports Stadiums Where They Were Shown on TV" (1995) »DOJ315.
  • January 3BBC Open University begins in the United Kingdom.
  • January 5 – The 1st ever ODI cricket match is played between Australia & England at the M.C.G.
  • January 8Tupamaros kidnap Geoffrey Jackson, British ambassador to Uruguay, in Montevideo, keeping him captive until September.
  • January 9 – Uruguayan president Jorge Pacheco Areco demands emergency powers for 90 days due to kidnappings, and receives them the next day.
  • January 12 – The landmark television sitcom All In The Family, starring Carroll O'Connor as Archie Bunker, debuts on CBS.
  • January 14 – Seventy Brazilian political prisoners are released in Santiago, Chile. Giovanni Enrico Bucher is released January 16.

  • January 15 – The Aswan High Dam officially opens in Egypt.
  • January 17 – Super Bowl V: The Baltimore Colts defeat the Dallas Cowboys 16–13 at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida.
  • January 18 – Strikes in Poland demand the resignation of Interior Minister Kazimierz Switala. He resigns January 23 and is replaced by Franciszek Szlachcic.
  • January 19 – Representatives of 23 western oil companies begin negotiations with OPEC in Tehran to stabilize oil prices. February 14 they sign a treaty with 6 Persian Gulf countries.
  • January 24 – The Guinean government sentences to death 92 Guineans who helped Portuguese troops in the failed landing attempts in November 1970; 72 are sentenced to hard labor for life; 58 of the sentenced are hanged the next day.
  • January 25
    • In Uganda, Idi Amin deposes Milton Obote in a coup, and becomes president.
    • In Los Angeles, Charles Manson and three female "Family" members are found guilty of the 1969 Tate-LaBianca murders.
    • Himachal Pradesh becomes the 18th Indian state.
    • Intelsat IV (F2) is launched; it enters commercial service over the Atlantic Ocean March 26.
  • January 31 – Apollo program: Apollo 14 (carrying astronauts Alan Shepard, Stuart Roosa, and Edgar Mitchell) lifts off on the third successful lunar landing mission.
: Apollo 14 on Moon]]

February

: Earthquake kills 31 in Tuscania, Italy.]]

  • February 4 – In Britain, Rolls-Royce goes bankrupt and is nationalised.
  • February 5 – Apollo 14 lands on the Moon.
  • February 7
    • An earthquake in the city of Tuscania, Italy kills 31.
    • Switzerland gives women voting rights in state elections, but not in all canton-specific ones.
  • February 7 – WĹ‚adysĹ‚aw GomuĹ‚ka is expelled from the Central Council of the Polish Communist Party.
  • February 8 – A new stock market index called the Nasdaq debuts.
  • February 9
  • February 11 - The US, UK, USSR and others sign the Seabed Treaty, outlawing nuclear weapons on the ocean floor.
  • February 11–12 – Palestinian and Jordanian fighters clash in Amman.
  • February 13 – Vietnam War: Backed by American air and artillery support, South Vietnamese troops invade Laos.
  • February 15
    • Decimalisation Day: – The United Kingdom and Ireland both switch to decimal currency (see also decimalisation).
    • Protesting Belgian farmers bring 3 live cows to crash the EEC meeting in Brussels.
  • February 16 – In Italy, a local parliament elects the city of Catanzaro as the capital of Calabria; residents of Reggio di Calabria riot for 5 days because of the decision.
  • February 20
    • Fifty tornadoes rage in Mississippi, killing 74 people.
    • The U.S. Emergency Broadcast System sends an erroneous warning; many radio stations just ignore it.
  • February 21 – The Convention on Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna.
  • February 26 – Secretary General U Thant signs the United Nations proclamation of the vernal equinox as Earth Day.
  • February 27 – Doctors in the first Dutch abortion clinic (Mildredhuis in Arnhem) start to perform abortus provocatus.
  • February 28 – Evel Knievel sets a world record and jumps 19 cars.
: Tornadoes kill 74 in Mississippi.]]

March

  • March 1
    • A bomb explodes in the men's room at the United States Capitol. Weather Underground Organization claims responsibility.
    • Pakistani President Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan indefinitely postpones the pending National Assembly session, precipitating massive civil disobedience in East Pakistan.
    • Canadian John Robarts ends his term of office as the 17th Premier of Ontario.
  • March 4 – The southern part of Quebec, and especially Montreal, receive 42 cm of snow in what becomes known as the Century's Snowstorm (la tempĂŞte du siècle).
  • March 5 – The Pakistani army occupies East Pakistan.
  • March 6 – A fire in a mental hospital at Burghölzli, Switzerland, kills 28 people.
  • March 7
    • The British postal workers' strike, led by UPW General Secretary Tom Jackson, ends after 47 days.
    • Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, political leader of then East Pakistan (present day - Bangladesh), delivers his famous speech in the Racecourse Field in Dhaka, calling on the masses to be prepared to fight for national independence.
  • March 8 – Boxer Joe Frazier defeats Muhammad Ali at Madison Square Garden.
  • March 12 – Hafez al-Assad becomes president of Syria.
  • March 12–13 – The Allman Brothers Band plays their legendary concert at the Fillmore East.
  • March 16Trygve Bratteli forms a government in Norway.
  • March 18 – A landslide at Chungar, Peru crashes into Lake Yanahuani, killing 200.
  • March 23 – General Alejandro Lanusse of Argentina takes power in a military coup.
  • March 25 – The Pakistani army starts Operation Searchlight in East Pakistan from midnight, after President Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan, a military ruler, voids election results that gave the Awami League an overwhelming majority in the parliament.
  • March 26
    • East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) independence is declared by local Awami League leader Hannan Sarker on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, from Kalurghat Radio Station in Chittagong.
    • Nihat Erim (a former CHP member) forms the new government of Turkey (33rd government,composed mostly of technocrats)
  • March 27 – East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) independence is repeatedly declared by Army Major (later President of Bangladesh) Ziaur Rahman on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from Kalurghat Radio Station, Chittagong.
  • March 28The Ed Sullivan Show airs its final episode.
  • March 29
    • U.S. Army Lieutenant William Calley is found guilty of 22 murders in the My Lai massacre and sentenced to life in prison (later pardoned).
    • A Los Angeles, California jury recommends the death penalty for Charles Manson and 3 female followers.

April

  • April 1 – The United Kingdom lifts all restrictions on gold ownership.
  • April 3 – Un banc, un arbre, une rue by SĂ©verine (music by Jean-Pierre Bourtayre, text by Yves Dessca) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1971 for Monaco.
  • April 5
  • April 7 – Greece releases 261 political prisoners, 50 of whom are sent into internal exile.
  • April 8 – A right-wing coup attempt is exposed in Laos.
  • April 9 – Charles Manson is sentenced to death; in 1972, the sentence for all California Death Row inmates is commuted to life imprisonment.
  • April 12 – Palestinians retreat from Amman to the north of Jordan.
  • April 17
    • The People's Republic of Bangladesh forms, under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, at Mujibnagor.
    • Libya, Syria and Egypt sign an agreement to form a confederation.
  • April 19
  • April 20
    • Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education: The Supreme Court of the United States rules unanimously that busing of students may be ordered to achieve racial desegregation.
    • Cambodian Prime Minister Lon Nol resigns, but remains effectively in power until the next elections.
  • April 21
  • April 24
  • April 25
  • April 26 – The government of Turkey declares a state of siege in 11 provinces, Ankara included, due to violent demonstrations.
  • April 28 – The first number of Il Manifesto is issued in Italy.
  • April 29Bolivia nationalizes the American-owned Matilde zinc mine.
  • April 30 – The Milwaukee Bucks win the NBA World Championship, sweeping the Baltimore Bullets in four straight games.

May

  • May 1
    • Amtrak begins inter-city rail passenger service in the United States.
    • The Ceylonese government promises amnesty for those guerillas who surrender before April 5.
  • May 2 – In Ceylon, left-wing guerillas launch a series of assaults against public buildings.
  • May 3
    • The Harris Poll claims that 60% of Americans are against the Vietnam War.
    • East German leader Walter Ulbricht resigns as Communist Party leader but retains the position of head of state.
    • Anti-war militants attempt to disrupt government business in Washington, D.C.; police and military units arrest as many as 12,000, most of whom are later released.
  • May 5 – The US dollar floods the European currency markets and threatens especially the Deutsche Mark; the central banks of Austria, Belgium, Netherlands and Switzerland stop the currency trading.
  • May 6 – The Ceylon government begins a major offensive against the People's Liberation Front.
  • May 9 – Mariner 8 fails to launch.
  • May 12 – An earthquake in Turkey destroys most of the city of Burdur.
  • May 15 – Efraim Elrom, Israeli ambassador to Turkey, is kidnapped; he is found killed in Istanbul May 25.
  • May 16 – A coup attempt is exposed and foiled in Egypt.
  • May 18 – The U.S. Congress formally votes to end funding for the American Supersonic Transport program.
  • May 19Mars probe program: Mars 2 is launched by the Soviet Union.
  • May 22 – An earthquake lasting 20 seconds destroys most of Bingöl, Turkey – more than 1,000 are killed, 10,000 made homeless.
  • May 23 – An air crash at Rijeka Airport, Yugoslavia kills 78 people, mostly British tourists.
  • May 26
    • Austria and the People's Republic of China establish diplomatic relations.
    • Qantas agrees to pay $500,000 to bomb hoaxer-extortionist Mr. Brown (Peter Macari), who is later arrested.
  • May 27
    • Six armed passengers hijack a Romanian passenger plane and force it to fly to Vienna.
    • Christie's auctions a diamond known as Deepdene; it is later found to be artificially colored.
  • May 28Portugal resigns from UNESCO.
  • May 30Mariner program: Mariner 9 is launched toward Mars.
  • May 31 – The birth of Bangladesh is declared by the government in exile, in territory formerly part of Pakistan.

June

  • June – Massachusetts passes its Chapter 766 laws enacting Special Education.
  • June 1Vietnam War: Vietnam Veterans for a Just Peace, claiming to represent the majority of U.S. veterans who served in Southeast Asia, speak against war protests.
  • June 6
  • June 10
    • The U.S. ends its trade embargo of China.
    • Corpus Thursday: A student rally on the streets of Mexico City is roughly dispersed.
  • June 13
  • June 14 – Norway begins oil production in the North Sea.
  • June 16 – Roxy Music releases its debut album.
  • June 17
    • Representatives of Japan and the United States sign the Okinawa Reversion Agreement, whereby the U.S. will return control of Okinawa.[http://www.niraikanai.wwma.net/pages/archive/rev71.html]
    • President Richard Nixon declares the U.S. War on Drugs.
  • June 18 – Southwest Airlines, a low cost carrier, begins its first flights between Dallas, Houston, And San Antonio.
  • June 20 – Britain announces that Soviet space scientist Anatoli Fedoseyev has been granted asylum.
  • June 21 – Britain begins new negotiations for EEC membership in Luxembourg.
  • June 25 – Madagascar accuses the U.S. of being connected to the plot to oust the current government; the U.S. recalls its ambassador.
  • June 27 – Concert promoter Bill Graham closes the legendary Fillmore East, which first opened on 2nd Avenue (between 5th and 6th Streets) in New York City on March 8, 1968.
  • June 28 – Assassin Jerome A. Johnson shoots Joe Colombo in the head in a middle of an Italian-American rally, putting him in a coma.
  • June 30
    • After a successful mission aboard Salyut 1, the world's first manned space station, the crew of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft are killed when their air supply leaks out through a faulty valve.
    • New York Times Co. v. United States: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Pentagon Papers may be published, rejecting government injunctions as unconstitutional prior restraint.

July

  • July – Nordic Council secretariat inaugurated.
  • July 3 – Jim Morrison, leader of The Doors is found dead in his bathtub in Paris, France.
  • July 5Right to vote: The 26th Amendment to the United States Constitution, formally certified by President Richard Nixon, lowers the voting age from 21 to 18.
  • July 6 – Hastings Banda is proclaimed President for Life of Malawi.
  • July 9 – The United Kingdom increases its troops in Northern Ireland to 11,000.
  • July 10–11 – Coup attempt in Morocco: 1,400 cadets take over the king's palace for 3 hours and kill 28 people; 158 rebels die when the king's troops storm the palace. Ten high-ranking officers are later executed for involvement.
  • July 10 - Gloria Steinem holds her Address to the Women of America speech.
  • July 13
    • Ă“lafur JĂłhannesson forms a government in Iceland.
    • Jordanian army troops launch an offensive against Palestinian guerillas in Jordan.
    • The Yugoslavian government begins allowing foreign companies to take their profits from the country.
    • Paced by a prodigious home run by Reggie Jackson which hits a transformer on the roof of Tiger Stadium, the American League defeats the National League 6-4 in the Major League Baseball All-Star Game in Detroit.
  • July 14 – Libya severs its diplomatic ties with Morocco.
  • July 16 – Spanish dictator and head of state Francisco Franco makes Prince Juan Carlos his successor.
  • July 17 – Italy and Austria sign a treaty that ends the schism about Alto Adige/SĂĽdtirol.
  • July 18 – The Trucial States are formed in the Persian Gulf.
  • July 19 – The South Tower of the World Trade Center is topped out at 1,362 feet, making it the second tallest building in the world.
  • July 19–23 – Major Hashem al-Atta ousts Jaafar Muhammad al-Nimeiri in a military coup in Sudan. Fighting continues until on July 22, when pro-Nimeiri troops win. Al-Atta and 3 officers are executed.
  • July 25–30Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli records in Munich two Debussy works for Deutsche Grammophon; it's his fifth recording.
  • July 26 – Apollo 15 (carrying astronauts David Scott, Alfred Worden, and James Irwin) is launched.
  • July 28 – Abdel Khaliq Mahjub, Sudanese communist leader, is hanged.
  • July 29 – The United Kingdom opts out of the Space Race, with the cancellation of its Black Arrow launch vehicle.
  • July 30 – In Japan, an All Nippon Airways Boeing 727 collides with a Japanese fighter jet; 162 people are killed.
  • July 31Apollo 15 astronauts David Scott and James Irwin become the first to ride in a lunar rover, a day after landing on the Moon.

August

  • August 1 – In New York City, 40,000 attend the Concert for Bangladesh.
  • August 2JCPenney debuts its trademark Helvetica wordmark which has been used ever since.
  • August 5 – South Pacific Forum (SPF)
  • August 6 – A lunar eclipse lasting 1 hour, 40 minutes, and 4 seconds is observed.
  • August 7Apollo 15 returns to Earth.
  • August 9
    • India signs a 20-year treaty of friendship and cooperation with the Soviet Union.
    • Internment in Northern Ireland: British security forces arrest hundreds of nationalists and detain them without trial in Long Kesh prison; 20 people die in the riots that follow.
  • August 11 – Construction begins on the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans.
  • August 12
    • Three thousand people from Belfast and Derry flee to the Republic of Ireland because of the violence.
    • Syria severs diplomatic relations with Jordan because of border clashes.
  • August 14
    • British troops are stationed on the Ireland border to stop arms smuggling.
    • Bahrain declares independence as the State of Bahrain (Kingdom of Bahrain as of February 2002).
  • August 15
    • The number of British troops in Northern Ireland is raised to 12,500.
    • President Richard Nixon announces that the United States will no longer convert dollars to gold at a fixed value, effectively ending the Bretton Woods system. He also imposes a 90-day freeze on wages, prices and rents.
  • August 18
  • August 19–22 – A right-wing coup ignites a rebellion in Bolivia. Miners and students join troops to support president Juan Jose Torres, but eventually Hugo Banzer takes over.
  • August 20
    • International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat) (effective 12 February 1973).
    • The USS Manatee (AO-58) spills 1,000 gallons of fuel oil on President Nixon's Western White House beach in San Clemente, California.
  • August 21
    • The first orca to be named "Shamu" dies.
    • A bomb made of two hand grenades by communist rebels explodes in the Liberal Party campaign party in Plaza Miranda in Quiapo, Manila the Philippines, injuring several anti-Marcos political candidates.
  • August 25
  • August 26 – A civilian government takes power in Greece.
  • August 30 – The Progressive Conservatives under Peter Lougheed defeat the Social Credit government under Harry E. Strom in a general election, ending 36 years of uninterrupted power for Social Credit in Alberta.
  • August, days unknown – Camden, New Jersey erupts in race riots following the beating death of a Puerto Rican motorist by city police. Looting and arson occurred. This was a turning point in Camden's decline to one of the poorest and highest-crime municipalities in the United States. Camden was, however, the site of a 1949 shooting rampage by Howard Unruh, considered by some to be the first mass murderer in the United States. The riots resulted in the demise of Camden's Sears and A&P branches. Also in 1971, Philadelphia International Records was established, with Camden native Leon Huff as co-founder.

September

October

  • October 1 – Walt Disney World opens in Orlando, Florida
  • October 15 – The 2,500 Year Celebration of Iran begins, celebrating the birth of Persia.
  • October 17 - The Pittsburgh Pirates win the World Series in 7 games against the Baltimore Orioles. The Pirates' Roberto Clemente, who turned into a one-man gang in the Series, became the first Latino player to earn World Series MVP honors. Game 4 of the Series was also the first night game ever to be played in the World Series.
  • October 18 – In New York City, the Knapp Commission begins public hearings on police corruption.
  • October 21
  • October 25 – The United Nations General Assembly admits the People's Republic of China and expels the Republic of China (or Taiwan).
  • October 27 – The Democratic Republic of the Congo is renamed Zaire.
  • October 28
    • The British House of Commons votes 356–244 in favour of joining the European Economic Community.
    • The United Kingdom becomes the 6th nation to launch a satellite into orbit, the Prospero X-3, using a Black Arrow carrier rocket.
    • The Egyptian Opera House (Khedivial Opera House) burns down in Cairo.
  • October 29 – Vietnam WarVietnamization: The total number of American troops still in Vietnam drops to a record low of 196,700 (the lowest since January 1966).
  • October 30 – Rev. Ian Paisley's Democratic Unionist Party is founded in Northern Ireland.
  • October 31 – A bomb explodes at the top of the Post Office Tower in London.

November

  • November 3 – The UNIX Programmer's Manual is published.
  • November 6Operation Grommet: The U.S. tests a thermonuclear warhead at Amchitka Island in Alaska, code-named Project Cannikin. At around 5 megatons, it is the largest ever U.S. underground detonation.
  • November 10 – In Cambodia, Khmer Rouge forces attack Phnom Penh and its airport, killing 44, wounding at least 30 and damaging 9 airplanes.
  • November 12 – Vietnam War – Vietnamization: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon sets February 1, 1972, as the deadline for the removal of another 45,000 American troops from Vietnam.
  • November 13 – Mariner program: Mariner 9 becomes the first spacecraft to enter Mars orbit successfully.
  • November 14 – Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria is enthroned.
  • November 15
    • Intel releases the world's first microprocessor, the Intel 4004.
    • International Organization and System of Space Communications (Intersputnik) (effective 12 July 1972).
  • November 20 – A bridge still in construction, called Elevado Engenheiro Freyssinet, falls over the Paulo de Frontin Avenue, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 48 people are killed and several injured. Reconstructed, the bridge is currently a part of the Linha Vermelha elevate.
  • November 23 – The People's Republic of China takes the Republic of China's seat on the United Nations Security Council (see China and the United Nations).
  • November 24
    • During a severe thunderstorm over Washington, a man calling himself D. B. Cooper parachutes from the Northwest Orient Airlines plane he hijacked, with US$200,000 in ransom money, and is never seen again (as of March 2008, this case remains the only unsolved skyjacking in history).
    • A Brussels court sentences pretender Alexis Brimeyer to 18 months in jail for falsely using a noble title; Brimeyer has already fled to Greece.
  • November 28 – 59th Grey Cup Game sees the Calgary Stampeders beat the Toronto Argonauts 14 to 11.

December

  • December 1 – Cambodian Civil War: Khmer Rouge rebels intensify assaults on Cambodian government positions, forcing their retreat from Kompong Thmar and nearby Ba Ray, 10 kilometers northeast of Phnom Penh.
  • December 2 – Six Persian Gulf sheikdoms found the United Arab Emirates.
  • December 3 – The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 begins as Pakistan attacks 9 Indian airbases. The next day India launches a massive invasion of East Pakistan.
  • December 3–4 – The Indian navy destroyer INS Rajput sinks Pakistani submarine PNS Ghazi (former USS Diablo).
  • December 4
  • December 8 – U.S. President Richard Nixon orders the 7th Fleet to move towards the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean.
  • December 11 – Nihat Erim forms the new government of Turkey (34th government, Nihat Erim had served two times as a prime minister)
  • December 11 – The Libertarian Party (United States) is established.
  • December 14 – Facing defeat, the Pakistan Army kills 1,500 Bangladeshi intellectuals.
  • December 16 – Victory Day of Bangladesh: The Pakistan Army surrenders to the Joint Force, i.e. Mukti Bahini (Freedom Force) and Indian Armed Forces, ending the Bangladesh Liberation War.
  • December 18
  • December 19
    • The Clube Atletico Mineiro wins the first Brazil Football Championship.
    • Intelsat IV (F3) is launched; it enters commercial service over the Atlantic Ocean February 18, 1972.
  • December 24 – Giovanni Leone is elected President of the Italian Republic.
  • December 25 – In the longest game in NFL history, the Miami Dolphins beat the Kansas City Chiefs.
  • December 25 – Fire at a 22-story hotel in Seoul, South Korea kills 158 people.
  • December 29 – The United Kingdom gives up its military bases in Malta.

Undated

Ongoing

Births

January

  • January 1 – Sammie Henson, American World Champion wrestler, Olympic silver medalist
  • January 2
    • Lisa Harrison, American basketball player
    • Taye Diggs, American actor
  • January 3 – Cory Cross, Canadian ice hockey player
  • January 5 – Mayuko Takata, Japanese actress
  • January 8Jason Giambi, American baseball player
  • January 9 – Scott Thornton, Canadian hockey player
  • January 11 – Mary J. Blige, American singer
  • January 12 — Jay Burridge, British artist and television presenter
  • January 14 – Lasse Kjus, Norweigian alpine skier
  • January 15 – Regina King, American actress
  • January 17 – Kid Rock, American rock singer
  • January 18 – Fabian Ribauw, Nauruan politician
  • January 19 – Shawn Wayans, American actor, writer, and producer
  • January 20Gary Barlow, British pop singer (Take That)
  • January 21Alan McManus, Scottish snooker player
  • January 24 – Kenya Moore, American actress and model
  • January 25 – Luca Badoer, Italian race car driver
  • January 27
    • Fann Wong, Singaporean Chinese actress, model, and singer
    • Lil Jon, American rapper and producer
  • January 29Clare Balding, British sports presenter
  • January 31 – Patrick Kielty, Northern Irish comedian and television presenter

February

March

April

May

June

July

  • July 1
  • July 4 – Koko, American gorilla
  • July 9 – Marc Andreessen, American software developer
  • July 11 – Brett Hauer, American ice hockey player
  • July 12
    • Kristi Yamaguchi, American figure skater
    • Robert Allenby, Australian golfer
    • Loni Love, American stand-up comedienne
  • July 14
  • July 16 – Corey Feldman, American actor
  • July 17 – Cory Doctorow, Canadian author and activist
  • July 18Penny Hardaway, American basketball player
  • July 20 – Sandra Oh, Korean Canadian actress
  • July 21 – Nuno Markl, Portuguese comedian and radio host
  • July 22Kristine Lilly, American soccer player
  • July 23 – Alison Krauss, American country singer
  • July 26
    • Chris Harrison, American television personality
    • Reggie Carthon, American football player
  • July 30 - Tom Green, Canadian entertainer

August

September

October

November

December

Deaths

January–March

,

April–June

July–September

October–December

Nobel Prizes

Notes

External links


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