1854
history
Year 1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar).
Events of 1854
January–June
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- January 3 – Charles Dickens commences writing the novel Hard Times.
- January 21 – The RMS Tayleur is lost; 380 drown (a disaster later dubbed "the first Titanic").
- February 11 – Major streets are lit by coal gas for the first time.
- February 13 – Mexican troops force William Walker and his troops to retreat to Sonora.
- February 14 – Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the United States, when a connection between New Orleans and Marshall, Texas is completed.
- February 17 – The British recognize the independence of the Orange Free State; its official independence is declared 6 days later.
- February 27 – Britain sends Russia an ultimatum to withdraw from two Ottoman provinces it had conquered, Moldavia and Wallachia.
- February 28 – The Republican Party (United States) is founded in Ripon, Wisconsin.
- March 1 – German psychologist Friedrich Eduard Beneke disappears; 2 years later his remains are found in the canal near Charlottenburg.
- March 3 – Australia's first telegraph line, linking Melbourne and Williamstown, opens.
- March 11- A Royal Navy fleet sails from Britain under Vice Admiral Sir Charles Napier.
- March 20 – The Boston Public Library opens to the public.
- March 27 – Crimean War: The United Kingdom declares war on Russia.
- March 28 – France declares war on Russia.
- March 31 – Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy signs the Treaty/Convention of Kanagawa with the Japanese government (the Tokugawa Shogunate), opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade (see History of Japan).
- April 1 – Hard Times begins serialisation in Charles Dickens' magazine, Household Words.
- April 16 The United States packet ship Powhattan is wrecked off the New Jersey shore with more than 200 + victims.
- May 18 – The Catholic University of Ireland (forerunner of University College Dublin) is founded.
- May 27 – Taiping Rebellion: United States minister Robert McLane arrives at the Heavenly Capital aboard the USS Susquehanna.
- May 30 – The Kansas-Nebraska Act becomes law, rescinding the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and creating the Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory. A provision that settlers will vote on slavery in the new territories leads to Bleeding Kansas violence, beginning the next year.
- June – The Grand Excursion takes prominent Eastern United States inhabitants from Chicago, Illinois to Rock Island, Illinois by railroad, then up the Mississippi River to St. Paul, Minnesota by steamboat.
- June 10 – The first class of the United States Naval Academy graduates at Annapolis, Maryland.
- June 21 – Battle of Bomarsund in Ă…land: Royal Navy mate Charles D. Lucas throws a live Russian artillery shell overboard by hand before it explodes, for which he is awarded the first retroactive Victoria Cross in 1857.
- July 6 – In Jackson, Michigan, the first convention of the U.S. Republican Party is held.
- August 9 – King Johann succeeds to the throne of Saxony.
- August 16 – Russian troops in the island of Bomarsund in Ă…land surrender to French–British troops.
- September 20 – Crimean War – Alma: The French–British alliance wins the first battle of the war.
- October 1 – The watch company founded in 1850 in Roxbury, Massachusetts by Aaron Lufkin Dennison relocates to Waltham to become the Waltham Watch Company, pioneer in the American System of Watch Manufacturing.
- October 6 – The great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead is ignited by a spectacular explosion.
- October 17 – The Age newspaper is founded in Melbourne, Australia.
- October 21 – Florence Nightingale leaves for the Crimea with 38 other nurses.
- October 25 – Crimean War – Battle of Balaclava: The allies gain an overall victory, except for the disastrous cavalry Charge of the Light Brigade, from which only 200 of 700 men survive.
- November 5 – Crimean War – Battle of Inkerman: The Russians are defeated.
- November 17 – In Egypt, the Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony.
- December 3 – The Eureka Stockade Miner's Rebellion breaks out in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.
- December 8 – Pope Pius IX in the Papal Bull Ineffabilis Deus defines ex Cathedra the dogma of Immaculate Conception, which holds that the Blessed Virgin Mary was conceived without original sin.
Undated
showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854]]
- Ignacy Lukasiewicz drills the world's first oil well in Poland, in BĂłbrka near Krosno.
- Chemistry Professor Benjamin Silliman of Yale University is the first to fractionate petroleum by distillation.
- Abraham Pineo Gesner invents a process for extracting kerosene from coal.
- Said Pasha succeeds his nephew Abbas as pasha of Egypt.
- A Russian fort is established at the present site of Almaty.
- Aurora, Ontario is first settled.
- The Ambrotype is introduced for photography.
- An epidemic of cholera in London kills 10,000. Dr John Snow traces the source of one outbreak (the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak that killed 500) to a single water pump, validating his theory that cholera is water-borne, and forming the starting point for epidemiology.
- The Iceland trade is opened to foreigners.
- The French fashion label Louis Vuitton was founded.
- Timex was founded in Waterbury.
- The North Carolina General Assembly charters the Atlantic & North Carolina Railroad to run from Goldsboro through New Bern to the newly created port of Morehead City near Beaufort.
- Crimean War (1854–1856)
- Taiping Rebellion (1851–1864)
- January 18 – Thomas A. Watson, American telephone pioneer (d. 1934)
- February 7 – Francis Wilson, stage actor & comedian (d. 1935)
- February 17 – Friedrich Alfred Krupp, German industrialist (d. 1902)
- March 4 – Sir Napier Shaw, British meteorologist (d. 1945)
- March 8 – Ignacy Lukasiewicz, Polish pharmacist and inventor of the first method of distilling kerosene from seep oil, creator of the first oil lamp (d. 1882)
- March 10 – Sir Thomas MacKenzie, New Zealand Prime Minister and High Commissioner (d. 1930)
- March 14
- Paul Ehrlich, German scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1915)
- Thomas R. Marshall, Vice President of the United States (d. 1925)
- March 15 – Emil Adolf von Behring, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1917)
- April 20 – Sir Perceval Maitland Laurence, English classical scholar, South African judge and a benefactor of the University of Cambridge (d. 1930)
- April 22 – Henri La Fontaine, Belgian lawyer and activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1943)
- April 28 – Hertha Marks Ayrton, English engineer, mathematician and inventor.
- April 29 – Henri PoincarĂ©, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1912)
- May 11 – Albion Woodbury Small, American sociologist (d. 1926)
- May 24 – John Riley Banister, American law officer, cowboy, and Texas Ranger (d. 1918)
- June 8 – Douglas Colin Cameron, Canadian politician (d. 1921)
- June 14- Dave Rudabaugh, American outlaw and gunfighter (d. 1886)
- June 26 – Robert Laird Borden, 8th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1937)
- July 3 – Leoš Janáček, Czech composer (d. 1928)
- July 7 – Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov, Russian poet, scientist and revolutionary (d.1946)
- July 12 – George Eastman, American inventor (Kodak) (d. 1932)
- July 27 – Takahashi Korekiyo, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1936)
- August 2 – Milan I, King of Serbia (d. 1901)
- August 23 – Moritz Moszkowski, Polish/German composer (d. 1925)
- September 1 – Engelbert Humperdinck, German composer (d. 1921)
- September 6 – Georges Picquart, French general and Minister of War (d. 1914)
- October 16
- Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (d. 1900)
- Karl Kautsky, Marxist theoretician (d. 1938)
- October 26 – C. W. Post, American cereal manufacturer (d. 1914)
- October 20 – Arthur Rimbaud, French poet (d. 1891)
- November 5 – Paul Sabatier, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1941)
- November 6 – John Philip Sousa, American composer and conductor (Stars and Stripes Forever) (d. 1932)
- November 17 – Hubert Lyautey, Marshal of France (d. 1934)
- November 21 – Pope Benedict XV (d. 1922)
- December 22 – Jokichi Takamine, Japanese chemist (d. 1922)
- December 23 – Victoriano Huerta, President of Mexico (d. 1916)
- December 24 – Thomas Stevens, English cyclist (d. 1935)
- January 8 – William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, British general and politician (b. 1768)
- February 17 – John Martin, English painter (b. 1789)
- March 6 – Charles William Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry (b. 1778)
- March 11 – Willard Richards, American religious leader (b. 1804)
- March 13 – Thomas Noon Talfourd, English jurist (b. 1795)
- March 27
- William Bentinck, 4th Duke of Portland, politician (b. 1768)
- Charles III, Duke of Parma (b. 1823)
- April – Domingo Eyzaguirre, Chilean philanthropist (b. 1775)
- April 11 – Karl Adolph von Basedow, German physician (b. 1799)
- April 15 – Arthur Aikin, English chemist and mineralogist (b. 1773)
- April 29 – Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, British general (b. 1768)
- July 6 – Georg Ohm, German physicist
- July 16 – Abbas I, Pasha of Egypt (b. 1813)
- July 31 – Samuel Wilson, American thought to be the real-life basis for Uncle Sam (b. 1813)
- August – Conquering Bear, Lakota chief
- August 9 – Frederick Augustus II of Saxony (b. 1797)
- August 21 – Thomas Clayton, American lawyer and politician (b. 1777)
- September 8 – Angelo Mai, Italian cardinal and philologist (b. 1782)
- September 12 – Jarvis W. Pike, former Mayor of Columbus, Ohio
- October 26 – Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen, queen consort of Bavaria (b. 1792)
- November 25 – John Gibson Lockhart, Scottish writer (b. 1794)
- December 9 – Almeida Garrett, Portuguese writer (b. 1799)
- December 15 – Kamehameha III, King of Hawaii (b. 1814?)
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