1851
history
1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Monday
, "Calendar in year 1851 (Russia)" (Julian calendar, starting Tuesday), webpage:
, »Julian-1851
, (Russia used the Julian calendar until 1919).
of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar).
Events of 1851
January–June
,
: Great Exhibition in Hyde Park]]
- January 11 – Taiping Rebellion: Hong Xiuquan officially begins the Taiping Rebellion.
- January 15 – Christian Female College, now Columbia College, receives its charter from the Missouri General Assembly.
- January 23 – The flip of a coin determines whether a new city in the Oregon Territory is named after Boston, Massachusetts, or Portland, Maine, with Portland winning.
- January 28 – Northwestern University is founded.
- February 12 – Edward Hargraves claims to have found gold in Australia.
- March 1 – Victor Hugo uses the phrase United States of Europe in a speech to the French National Assembly.
- March 11 – Giuseppe Verdi's opera Rigoletto is first performed at La Fenice in Venice.
- March 27 – The first white men reportedly see Yosemite Valley.
- March 30 – A population census is taken in the United Kingdom.
- April 9 – San Luis, the oldest permanent settlement in the state of Colorado, is founded by settlers from Taos, New Mexico.
- April 20 – Ramón Castilla loses power in Peru.
- April 21- John Stuart Mill marries Harriet Taylor
- April 28 – Santa Clara College is chartered in Santa Clara, California.
- May 1 – The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London is opened by Queen Victoria (it runs until October 18).
- May 15
- Alpha Delta Pi Sorority, the first secret society for women, is founded at Wesleyan College in Macon, Georgia.
- Mongkut (Rama IV) is crowned King of Siam at the Grand Palace in Bangkok.
July–September
,
: Rama IV crowned.]]
- July – The immortal game, a famous chess game, is played.
- The first FA Cup Final is held, with holders Aldershot overcoming Maine Road by 3–1.
- July 1
- The Colony of Victoria separates from New South Wales.
- Serial poisoner Hélène Jégado is arrested in Rennes, France.
- July 10 – The University of the Pacific is chartered as California Wesleyan College in Santa Clara, California.
- July 29 – Annibale de Gasparis, in Naples, Italy discovers asteroid 15 Eunomia.
- August 1 – Virginia closes its Reform Constitutional Convention deciding that all white men have the right to vote.
- August 5 – Mount Pelee erupts and kills 30 people including seven children (as well as two ponies).
- August 22 – The yacht America wins the first America's Cup race.
- September 15 – Saint Joseph's University is founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- September 18 – The New York Times is founded.
- September 25 – A wolf named Berserker escapes from the Zoological Gardens, terrorising London for forty-eight hours before turning up again safe and well but for a forehead bloodied and wounded by glass.
- September 30 – The Fregatten Eugenies (or the Frigate Eugenie) leaves from Karlskrona, Sweden to begin its voyage as the first Swedish Royal Navy vessel to circumnavigate the world.
October–December
,
: NYT is founded.]]
- October – The Reuters news service is founded.
- October 15 – The City of Winona, Minnesota is founded.
- October 18 – The Great Exhibition in London is closed.
- October 24 – Ariel and Umbriel, moons of Uranus, are discovered by William Lassell.
- November 13 – The Denny Party lands at Alki Point, the first settlers of what later becomes Seattle, Washington.
- November 14 – Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick; or The Whale is published in the U.S. by Harper & Brothers, New York, after being first published on October 18 in London by Richard Bentley, in 3 volumes as The Whale.
- December 2 – Louis Napoleon, president of France, dissolves the French National Assembly and declares a new constitution to extend his term. A year later he declares himself as Emperor Napoleon III, ending the Second Republic.
- December 6 РThe trial of H̩l̬ne J̩gado begins; she is eventually sentenced to death and executed by guillotine.
- December 9 – The first YMCA (1844) in North America is established in Montreal, Quebec.
- December 24 – The Library of Congress burns. The First Lancashire Darts Federation was founded, after years of being several separate societies.
- December 26–27 – A Royal Navy warship bombards Lagos Island; Oba Kosoko is wounded and flees to Epe.
- December 29 – The first YMCA opens in Boston, Massachusetts.
- St. Paul's College, Hong Kong is founded.
- Western Union is founded.
- The population of Britain reaches 21 million.
- 6.3 million people live in cities of 20,000 or more in England and Wales. Cities of 20,000 or more account for 35% of the total English population.
- Labouring Classes Lodging Houses Act permitted local authorities to appoint commissioners to erect or purchase houses for the working classes. Little used.Chris Cock The Longman Companion to Britain in the Nineteenth Century 1815 – 1914 (London & New York: Longman, 1999) p. 125
- Huddersfield Weekly Examiner commences publication.
- New Zealand land wars (1845–1872)
- Taiping Rebellion (1851–1864)
- First Schleswig War (1848–1851)
- January 17 – A. B. Frost, American illustrator (d. 1928)
- January 19 – Jacobus Kapteyn, Dutch astronomer (d. 1922)
- February 8 – Kate Chopin, American writer (d. 1904)
- March 14 – John Sebastian Little, American politician and congressman (d. 1916)
- March 18 РJulien Dupr̩, Fench artist (d. 1910)
- March 19 – William Henry Stark, business leader (d. 1936)
- March 27 – Vincent d'Indy, French composer and teacher (d. 1931)
- March 28 – Bernardino Machado, Portuguese President (d. 1944)
- April 13 – Robert Abbe, American surgeon (d. 1928)
- April 17 – Madre Teresa Nuzzo, Foundress of the Daughters of the Sacred Heart (d. 1923)
- April 20 – Young Tom Morris, Scottish golfer (d. 1875)
- April 21 – Charles Barrois, French geologist (d. 1939)
- May 6 – Aristide Bruant, French cabaret singer and comedian (d. 1925)
- May 20 – Emil Berliner, telephone and recording pioneer (d. 1929)
- May 21 РL̩on Bourgeois, French statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1925)
- June 16 – Georg Jellinek, German legal philosopher (d. 1911)
- July 8 – Arthur Evans, British archaeologist (d. 1941)
- July 15 РEduardo Guti̩rrez, Argentinian author (d. 1889)
- July 20 – Arnold Pick, Czechoslovakian neurologist and psychiatrist (d. 1924)
- July 24 – Friedrich Schottky, German mathematician (d. 1935)
- August 14 – Doc Holliday, American gambler and gunfighter (d. 1887)
- September 7 – David King Udall, American politician (d. 1938)
- September 14 – H.E. Beunke, Dutch writer (d. 1925)
- October 2 – Ferdinand Foch, French commander of Allied forces in World War I (d. 1929)
- October 20 – George Gandy, American entrepreneur (d. 1946)
- December 10 – Melvil Dewey, American librarian, inventor of Dewey Decimal Classification (d. 1931)
- December 20 – Dora Montefiore, English suffragist and socialist (d. 1933)
- December 30 – Asa Griggs Candler, American businessman and politician (d. 1929)
- January 10 – Karl Freiherr von Müffling, Prussian field marshal (b. 1775)
- January 19 – Esteban EcheverrÃa, Argentine poet and writer (b. 1805)
- January 23 – Archibald Primrose, Lord Dalmeny, Scottish politician (b. 1809)
- January 27 – John James Audubon, French-American naturalist and illustrator (b. 1785)
- January 31 – David Spangler Kaufman, Congressman from Texas (b. 1813)
- February 1 – Mary Shelley, English author (b. 1797)
- February 3 – Benjamin Williams Crowninshield, Congressman from Massachusetts secretary of U.S. Navy (b. 1772)
- February 18 – Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi, German mathematician (b. 1804)
- February 23 – Joanna Baillie, Scottish poetess and dramatist (b. 1762)
- February 28 – Guillaume Dode de la Brunerie, Marshal of France (b. 1775)
- March 9 – Hans Christian Ørsted, Danish scientist (b. 1777)
- May 13 – Princess Augusta of Bavaria, Duchess of Leuchtenberg (b. 1788)
- May 22 – Mordecai Manuel Noah, American writer, journalist (b. 1785)
- July 10 – Louis Daguerre, French artist and chemist (b. 1787)
- July 17 – Roger Sheaffe, British General
- August 8 – James Shudi Broadwood, piano manufacturer (b. 1772)
- September 10 – Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, American educator (b. 1787)
- September 11 – Sylvester Graham, American nutritionist and inventor (b. 1794)
- September 14 – James Fenimore Cooper, American writer (b. 1789)
- October 4 – Manuel de Godoy, Spanish statesman (b. 1767)
- October 19 РMarie Th̩r̬se Charlotte (b. 1778)
- November 26 – Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, French marshal and politician (b. 1769)
- December 19 – Joseph Mallord William Turner, English artist (b. 1775)
- date unknown – John Brown Russwurm, American abolitionist (b. 1799)
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