1275

Events

• April 22 – The first of the Statutes of Westminster are passed by the English Parliament, establishing a series of laws in its 51 clauses, including equal treatment of rich and poor, free and fair elections, and definition of bailable and non-bailable offenses.
• October 8 – Battle of Ronaldsway: Scottish forces defeat the Manx of the Isle of Man in a decisive battle, firmly establishing Scottish rule of the island.* Eleanor de Montfort is captured by pirates in the employ of Edward I of England to prevent her marriage to Llywelyn the Last, prince of Wales; she is used as a bargaining chip over the coming years in Edward's attempts to subjugate Llywelyn and Wales.
• The Mongol Golden Horde raids Lithuania for the third time.
• Around Ciney, in the future Wallonia, begins the fratricid war of the cow which will last until 1278.

Culture, religion, and science

• Jean de Meun completes the French allegorical work of fiction, Roman de la Rose, with a second section; the first section was written by Guillaume de Lorris in 1230.
• The verge escapement, a simple type of escapement used in clocks, is invented (exact year unknown).
• Ramon Llull establishes a school in Majorca to teach Arabic to preachers in an attempt to aid proselytizing to Moors. He also discovers diethyl ether.
• The first main survey of the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086, is finished; it began in 1274.

Asia

• March – The 200,000 multiethnic troops of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty, headed by the Turkish commander Bayan, face a Chinese Song Dynasty army of 130,000 led by the Song Chancellor Jia Sidao. The result is a decisive victory for the Yuan Dynasty, and soon after the much-vilified Jia Sidao is stripped of rank and title, and killed by one of his own guards as he is sent to exile in Fujian by the Song court.
• March 4 – Chinese astronomers observe a total eclipse of the Sun in China.
• The invading forces of the Yuan Dynasty capture the Song Dynasty city of Suzhou.
• Marco Polo purportedly visits Xanadu, Kublai Khan's summer capital of the Yuan Dynasty.
• The city of Kunming is made capital of the Yunnan province of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.
• Nestorian monk Rabban Bar Sauma begins his pilgrimage from China towards Jerusalem.

Eras and population estimates

• The era of the tosafot (medieval commentators on the Talmud) ends (began 1100).
• The Japanese era Bun'ei ends, and the Kenji era begins.

Births

• September 27 – John II, Duke of Brabant (d. 1312)
• William of Alnwick, Franciscan theologian (approximate date; d. 1333)
• Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Lord Badlesmere (d. 1322)
• Walter V of Brienne, Duke of Athens (approximate date; d. 1311)
• Dnyaneshwar, Hindu saint and poet (d. 1296)
• Gediminas, Duke of Lithuania (approximate date; d. 1341)
• Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor (approximate date; d. 1313)
• Mondino de Liuzzi, Italian physician and anatomist (d. 1326)
• John Menteith, Scottish nobleman (approximate date; d. 1323)
• Giovanni Villani, Florentine writer (approximate date; d. 1348)
• Giovanni d'Andrea, Italian jurist

Deaths

• April 13 – Eleanor of England (b. 1215)
• August 15 – Lorenzo Tiepolo, Doge of Venice
• September 24 – Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford, Constable of England (b. 1208)
• Bohemund VI of Antioch (b. 1237)
• Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile, Crown Prince of Castile